Forest soils and carbon sequestration

Soils in equilibrium with a natural forest ecosystem have high carbon (C) density. The ratio of soil:vegetation C density increases with latitude. Land use change, particularly conversion to agricultural ecosystems, depletes the soil C stock. Thus, degraded agricultural soils have lower soil organic carbon (SOC) stock than their potential capacity. Consequently, afforestation of agricultural soils and management of forest plantations can enhance SOC stock through C sequestration. The rate of SOC sequestration, and the magnitude and quality of soil C stock depend on the complex interaction between climate, soils, tree species and management, and chemical composition of the litter as determined by the dominant tree species. Increasing production of forest biomass per se may not necessarily increase the SOC stocks. Fire, natural or managed, is an important perturbation that can affect soil C stock for a long period after the event. The soil C stock can be greatly enhanced by a careful site preparation, adequate soil drainage, growing species with a high NPP, applying N and micronutrients (Fe) as fertilizers or biosolids, and conserving soil and water resources. Climate change may also stimulate forest growth by enhancing availability of mineral N and through the CO₂ fertilization effect, which may partly compensate release of soil C in response to warming. There are significant advances in measurement of soil C stock and fluxes, and scaling of C stock from pedon/plot scale to regional and national scales. Soil C sequestration in boreal and temperate forests may be an important strategy to ameliorate changes in atmospheric chemistry.     

苦竹种群生物量结构研究

从群落水平上研究了余杭苦竹种群的生物量结构.结果表明:(1)余杭苦竹种群的现存生物量为10 282.1 2 g·m,其中地上部分为6 113.67 g·m-2,占59.46%,地下部分为4 168.45 g·m,占40.54%.各组分别为:秆4 086.44 g·m-2,枝1 017.82 g·m,叶1009.41 g·m-2,鞭3 587.42 g·m,篼581.03 g·m-2;(2)苦竹种群中各个体生物量在1～4龄级的分配依次是:4.33%、25.60%、53.81%和16.26%;(3)苦竹种群中各构件单位生物量在不同年龄分株上的分配亦有差异,地上部分含量逐渐上升,而地下部分含量逐渐下降;(4)秆、枝、叶的平均含水率分别为46.97%、49.75%、59.42%,以秆最少,叶最多.     

杉木幼龄林叶片营养元素含量与林木生长的相关性

本文重点论述丘陵立地条件下 ,1、2代杉木幼龄林高生长、当年高生长、胸径生长与叶片中营养元素N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Mn、Zn、Fe含量的相关关系 ,进而从林木营养这个角度 ,为提高林木产量、防治地力衰退提供可靠的科学依据。研究结果表明 :2代杉木幼龄林生长与N、P、Mg、Cu、Mn、Fe含量呈密切的正相关。 1代杉木幼龄林生长虽与P、Mg、Cu、Mn、Fe含量呈正相关 ,但复相关系数数值偏低。也就是说土壤养分含量尚没有明显影响 1代杉木幼龄林正常生长     

净化生活污水的浮床植物筛选

【目的】筛选出目前对生活污水净化效果较好的浮床植物。【方法】以14种湖南常见的草本和木本植物为材料,监测了污水处理过程中植物的株高、根系结构和生物量等生长指标,CODcr、TN、NH3-N、TP等水质指标的动态变化,并进行了植物的生长指标与水质净化指标的相关性分析。【结果】1)大部分植物均有较强的生长能力,其中水葱、水蕹菜的株高具有显著性优势(P <0.05);美人蕉、再力花、菖蒲和梭鱼草均表现出极强的生根能力,其根长增长率分别为390%、293.33%、286.67%和270%;植物的生物量增长率在5.1%~500.7%之间,其中菖蒲、美人蕉、水蕹菜和再力花的生物量具有显著性优势(P <0.05)。2)无植物对照组对污染物的去除率明显低于有植物处理组,处理时间的长短对污染物的净化效果具有显著差异性(P <0.05),且主要表现为早期对污染物净化速率快。所有植物处理对CODcr、TN、NH3-N、TP的平均净化率比无植物对照组分别提高了6.30%~36.80%、11.92%~20.97%、22.92%~29.28%、5.51%~41.24%,其中,美人蕉对CODcr的净净化率高达36.80%,水蕹菜对TN、TP的净化效果表现出显著性优势(P <0.05),梭鱼草则对NH3-N具有较好的净化能力。3)根据筛选指标的平均隶属函数值对14种草本和木本植物进行聚类分析,可将植物分为高、中、低净化能力植物三大类,高净化能力植物:梭鱼草、菖蒲、美人蕉、鸢尾、水蕹菜和再力花。中等净化能力植物:花菖蒲、旱伞草、黄菖蒲、花叶芦竹和水葱。低净化能力植物:冬青、女贞和月季。【结论】草本植物中的梭鱼草、菖蒲、美人蕉、鸢尾、水蕹菜和再力花以及木本植物中的冬青对生活污水具有较高的净化能力,适合用作生活污水处理的浮床植物。     

白杨派杂种无性系及其亲本光合和生长对盐胁迫的反应

以白杨派单交和双交杂种无性系1年生扦插苗为材料,分析不同盐胁迫条件下无性系的生长及光合系统的反应,并对无性系间的差异进行比较.研究表明:盐胁迫对叶片生长、苗高生长及苗木生物量积累均产生不同程度的影响.随着盐浓度升高,各项生长指标迅速下降,但下降的幅度不同,苗木生物量积累受影响最大.茎叶生长对盐胁迫的敏感性大于根系生长,从而导致根/(茎 叶)生物量随盐胁迫的发展而升高.盐胁迫下4个无性系的净光合速率(Pn)日变化基本上都呈单峰曲线,但随胁迫加强,Pn值迅速降低.盐胁迫下,叶位从幼到老,Pn表现为单峰型变化,中部功能叶Pn值最大,嫩叶和老叶较小,盐胁迫对无性系嫩叶Pn几乎无影响,却显著降低中部功能叶和老叶的Pn值,且随着胁迫时间延长,对叶片Pn的影响加强.盐胁迫降低各无性系的叶绿素含量,且使叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线发生明显变化,其参数qN(荧光非光化学猝灭系数)值随盐浓度增加而上升,而qp(荧光光化学猝灭系数)、Fv/Fo(PSⅡ潜在活性)值随盐浓度增加而下降.盐胁迫对双交杂种无性系B430影响最小,单交无性系毛新杨和亲本新疆杨次之,亲本毛白杨对盐胁迫反应最敏感.     

Water Use of Tree Lines: Importance of Leaf Area and Micrometeorology in Sub-Humid Kenya

In this research the relative importance of leaf area and microclimatic factors in determining water use of tree lines was examined in sub-humid Western Kenya. Measurements of tree water-use by a heat-balance technique, leaf area, bulk air saturation deficit, daily radiation, and soil water content were done in an experiment with tree lines within crop fields. The tree species were Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden, Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. and Cedrella serrata Royle, grown to produce poles on a phosphorus-fixing Oxisol/Ferralsol with (+P) or without (−P) phosphorus application. Doubling the leaf area of Cedrella and Grevillea doubled water use in a leaf area (LA) range of 1–11 m² per tree. The response of Eucalyptus water use (W) to increases in leaf area was slightly less marked, with W = LAⁿ, n<1. Transpiration rate per unit leaf area (Tr) was the other important determinant of water use, being affected by both tree species and phosphorus fertilization. A doubling of the saturation deficit (SD) halved the water use of all trees except for Cedrella +P, in which water use increased. A direct effect of soil water content on water use was only found in Grevillea -P, with a small increase (60%) as available water increased from 1.4 to 8.9% above wilting point (32%). This low direct response to soil water content is probably due to the extensive tree-root systems and the deep clayey soils supplying sufficient water to meet the evaporative demand. Indirect responses to soil water content via decreases in leaf area occurred in the dry season. The results showed that water use of tree lines was more determined by leaf area and transpiration rate per unit leaf area than by micro meteorological factors. The linear response of tree water use to leaf area, over a wide range leaf areas, is a specific characteristic of tree line configurations and distinguished them from forest stands. In tree lines light interception and canopy conductance increase with leaf area much more than a similar leaf area increase would have caused in a closed forest canopy.     

Effect of alley cropping on soil aggregate stability of a tropical Alfisol

The beneficial effect of organic matter on soil aggregate stability is well documented. Alley cropping has been suggested as a possible alternative to maintain soil organic matter content in cropping systems without fallowing the land. The objective of this study was to asses the effect of alley cropping on dry and wet soil aggregate stability on land degraded by shifting cultivation. The aggregate size distribution by dry sieving, aggregate stability by wet sieving, soil organic Carbon content and soil bulk density were measured following two and three years of alley cropping with Gliricedia (Gliricidia sepium) and Pigeon pea (Cajanas cajan) in a tropical Rhodustalf. Alley cropping increased the mean aggregate diameter and water stability of soil aggregates. The mean aggregate diameter obtained from dry sieving increased from 1.3 mm of the control to 2.68 and 3.11 mm after three years in Pigeon pea and Gliricidia alley cropped plots, respectively. This is an indication of resistance to wind erosion in alley cropped plots. The wet aggregate stability which shows the resistance to erosion by water also increased in alley cropped plots. These increases were significant after three years of hedge row establishment. The increase in soil organic C in alley cropped plots contributed to the higher dry and wet aggregate stability, and decreased soil bulk density. The improvement was higher in plots alley cropped with Gliricidia than Pigeon pea. This study shows the importance of ally cropping in increasing aggregate stability of degraded sandy soils which in return reduce erosion by wind and water.     

银木的光合与水分生理特性的研究

银木(Cinnamomum septentrionale Hand.Mazz.)系樟科樟属的常绿乔木,主要分布在年平均气温14℃,降水量800 mm以上的四川、陕西南部、甘肃南部、湖南等地区,是自然分布最北面的樟科植物.该树种系典型的北亚热带树种,对水、热条件的要求低于其它樟科植物,既能耐-10℃的低温,又能耐干旱[1].银木树皮灰色、光滑,叶近革质,互生,椭圆状、倒圆状披针形,具有较好的观赏性和较高的开发价值,在湖南、四川等地已人工栽培多年,形成特色鲜明的城市行道树.     

微波磷酸法中密度纤维板厂废料制备活性炭

以中密度纤维板(MDF)厂废料为原料,采用微波辐射磷酸法制备活性炭。探讨了在微波功率900W条件下磷料比、水料比、辐照时间对产品活性炭各项主要指标的影响。得到了试验条件下微波辐射磷酸法制备活性炭的最佳工艺: 磷料比3．5:1,水料比1:1,辐照时间9min。用此工艺制备活性炭产品的得率39．44％,碘吸附值949．08mg／g,亚甲基蓝脱色力10．76mL／0．1g,苯酚吸附值350．25mg／g。本工艺方法为中密度纤维板厂废料的综合利用找到了新的途径。     

进城大树成活率低的原因分析及对策研究

大树引入城市是改变城市生态环境、提高城市绿化绿地质量、生态效益和景观的有效途径。本文分析了进城大树成活率低的原因，提出了提高大树成活率的对策。